2. Signaling Pathways
  3. MAPK/ERK Pathway
  4. p38 MAPK

p38 MAPK

p38 MAPK

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The p38 MAPK family consists of highly conserved proline-directed serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated in response to a number many growth factors, cytokines, and chemotactic substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), PDGF, TNF, interleukins, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). It is well known that p38 is involved in inflammation, apoptosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell differentiation.

The p38 MAPK family is composed of four proteins: p38α (encoded by the gene Mapk14), p38β (Mapk11), p38γ (Mapk12), and p38δ (Mapk13). Their coding genes have a distinct tissue distribution and they appear differentially expressed, being Mapk14 the most highly expressed. p38 MAPKs are substrates for three MAP2K (MKK6, MKK3, and MKK4). The contribution of each of these MAP2K to p38 MAPKs activation depends on the stimulus and the cell type. The MAP3Ks that lead to p38 MAPKs activation are ASK1, DLK1, TAK1, TAO1, TAO2, TPL2, MLK3, MEKK3, MEKK4, and ZAK1.

p38 MAPK Isoform Specific Products:

p38 MAPK Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0168
    Hesperetin
    		Modulator 99.12%
    Hesperetin is a natural flavanone that can be found in citrus, and acts as a potent and orally active broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation. Hesperetin displays a range of bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Hesperetin is found to induce cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Hesperetin can reduce Bcl-2 and enhance BaxM. Hesperetin induces apoptosis through inhibiting NF-κB receptor.
    Hesperetin
  • HY-B1272
    Desipramine hydrochloride
    		99.76%
    Desipramine hydrochloride is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine hydrochloride selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine hydrochloride activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine hydrochloride also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine hydrochloride can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
    Desipramine hydrochloride
  • HY-W015883
    Fumaric acid
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
    Fumaric acid
  • HY-127090
    Muramyl dipeptide
    		Activator 99.07%
    Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide, consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. Muramyl dipeptide is an inducer of bone formation through induction of Runx2. Muramyl dipeptide directly enhances osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating Runx2 gene expression through MAPK pathways. Muramyl dipeptide is a NLRP1 agonist.
    Muramyl dipeptide
  • HY-10256A
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.71%
    Adezmapimod (SB 203580; RWJ 64809) hydrochloride is a selective and ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 500 nM for SAPK2a/p38 and SAPK2b/p38β2, respectively. Adezmapimod hydrochloride inhibits LCK, GSK3β and PKBα with IC50s of 100-500-fold higher than that for SAPK2a/p38. Adezmapimod hydrochloride does not disrupt JNK activity and is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride
  • HY-10578
    PD 169316
    		Inhibitor 99.07%
    PD 169316 is a potent, cell-permeable and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, with IC50 of 89 nM. PD169316 selectively inhibits the kinase activity of the phosphorylated p38 without hindering upstream kinases to phosphorylate p38. PD169316 shows antiviral activity against Enterovirus71. PD169316 shows antiviral activity against Enterovirus71.
    PD 169316
  • HY-113342
    7-Ketocholesterol
    		Activator 99.87%
    7-Ketocholesterol is an oxidation product of cholesterol, widely present in atherosclerotic plaques, and has a stronger atherogenic effect than cholesterol. 7-Ketocholesterol can inhibit the rate-limiting enzymes involved in bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, such as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase. 7-Ketocholesterol exhibits pro-inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro and can induce cell apoptosis (apoptosis).
    7-Ketocholesterol
  • HY-148748
    Butyzamide
    		Activator 99.83%
    Butyzamide is an orally active activator of Mpl, a thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor. Butyzamide increases the phosphorylation level of JAK2, STAT3, STAT5 and MAPK. Butyzamide increases the level of platelets in mouse xenotransplantation assay.
    Butyzamide
  • HY-125006
    TRi-1
    		Activator 99.69%
    TRi-1 is a potent, specific and irreversible inhibitor of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), with an IC50 of 12 nM. TRi-1 has little mitochondrial toxicity for anticancer therapy.
    TRi-1
  • HY-18260
    Bisphenol A
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Bisphenol A is a phenolic, organic synthetic compound widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol A is a reproductive, developmental, and systemic toxicant, often classified as an endocrine-disrupting compound (EDC). Bisphenol A is associated with many diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases, obesity, and reproductivedisorders.
    Bisphenol A
  • HY-113402
    Gamma-glutamylcysteine
    		Inhibitor 98.53%
    Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glu-Cys) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable dipeptide. Gamma-glutamylcysteine activates AMPK, SIRT1, IL-4/STAT6, AC/cAMP/PI3K, IGF-1R/IRS1/PI3K, and Nrf2 signaling pathways; it inhibits NF-κB, JAK1/STAT1/3, MAPKs, cadmium-induced p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Gamma-glutamylcysteine regulates macrophage polarization, modulates the trafficking of CD36 and GLUT4, induces glutathione synthesis, improves metabolic dysfunction, reduces lipid deposition, ameliorates glucose homeostasis, inhibits apoptosis (Apoptosis), stabilizes mitochondria, suppresses lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation and ferroptosis (Ferroptosis), reduces ds-HMGB1 levels, reverses mechanical hyperalgesia, and alleviates hepatic lipid droplet formation. Gamma-glutamylcysteine is applicable to research related to inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, cadmium-induced neurotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, neuropathy, and alcoholic liver disease.
    Gamma-glutamylcysteine
  • HY-17007
    Saquinavir
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    Saquinavir (Ro 31-8959) is an orally active HIV protease inhibitor that can be used in the research of AIDS. Saquinavir also has anti-inflammatory activity and can induce apoptosis of human red blood cells.
    Saquinavir
  • HY-123942
    Diprovocim
    		Agonist 98.82%
    Diprovocim is a potent TLR1/TLR2 agonist. Diprovocim elicits full agonist activity in human THP-1 cells (EC50=110 pM). Diprovocim stimulates the release of TNF-α from mouse macrophages (EC50=1.3 nM). Diprovocim activates downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. Diprovocim displays strong adjuvant activity in mice, particularly abetting cellular immune responses.
    Diprovocim
  • HY-125817
    BI-3406
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    BI-3406 (compound I-6) is an orally active, highly potent and selective inhibitor of the interaction between KRAS and Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) with an IC50 of 6 nM. BI-3406 potently reduces the formation of GTP-loaded KRAS, and inhibits MAPK pathway signaling. BI-3406 has anticancer activity.
    BI-3406
  • HY-P10408
    Candidalysin
    		Activator 99.81%
    Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by the fungus Candida albicans. Candidalysin drives epithelial immune responses by activating the EGFR-MAPK signaling pathway, inducing MMP expression and calcium influx, and regulating the c-Fos transcription factor and MKP1 via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 respectively. Candidalysin is essential for mucosal and systemic infections, activating NLRP3 to promote inflammatory responses, neutrophil recruitment, and Th17 immunity. Candidalysin activates LDH causing membrane damage and exhibiting cytotoxicity
    Candidalysin
  • HY-10201A
    Sorafenib tosylate
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Sorafenib (Bay 43-9006) tosylate is a potent oral active multikinase inhibitor. Sorafenib blocks autophosphorylation and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3) and RAF family kinases, thereby suppressing the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, and selectively inhibiting the MAPK pathway in cancer cells. Sorafenib tosylate induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy, apoptosis, and PARP cleavage, reduces Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cyclin D1 levels, and activates Bak and Bax. Sorafenib tosylate inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in mouse and rat models. Sorafenib tosylate can be used for cancer research, such as colon, breast, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ovarian, pancreatic, melanoma, colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Sorafenib tosylate
  • HY-B0647
    Butylphthalide
    		Activator 99.98%
    Butylphthalide (3-n-Butylphthalide) is an active molecule against cerebral ischemia. It was originally isolated from celery species and has been shown to be effective in stroke animal models.
    Butylphthalide
  • HY-111431
    p-Cresyl sulfate
    		Activator 99.98%
    p-Cresyl sulfate (p-Tolyl sulfate) is a uremic toxin, that can cause renal damage and dysfunction. p-Cresyl sulfate shows antiproliferation activity. p-Cresyl sulfate increases the protein expression of HIF-1α and VHL, decreases the protein expression of HIF-2α. p-Cresyl sulfate induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). p-Cresyl sulfate activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
    p-Cresyl sulfate
  • HY-114118A
    Semaglutide TFA
    		Activator 99.92%
    Semaglutide TFA is a long-acting, selective, competitive GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide TFA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide TFA also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide TFA has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide TFA can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide TFA
  • HY-112089
    Naporafenib
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Naporafenib (LXH254) is a potent, selective, orally active, type II BRAF and CRAF inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.072 and 0.21 nM against CRAF and BRAF, respectively.
    Naporafenib
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
p38 MAPK Isoform Comparison

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